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Birds are a collection of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the elegance Aves , characterized through feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, an excessive metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a robust but light-weight skeleton. Birds stay international and vary in length from the five.five cm (2.2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2. eight m (nine feet 2 in) not unusual place ostrich. There are approximately 10000 dwelling species, extra than 1/2 of of that are passerine, or “perching” birds. Birds have wings whose improvement varies in keeping with species; the simplest recognized organizations without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which are changed forelimbs, gave birds the cap potential to fly, despite the fact that in addition evolution has caused the lack of flight in a few birds, which include ratites, penguins, and numerous endemic island species. The digestive and breathing structures of birds also are uniquely tailored for flight. Some fowl species of aquatic environments, especially seabirds and a few waterbirds, have in addition developed for swimming. Birds are feathered theropod dinosaurs and represent the simplest recognized dwelling dinosaurs. Likewise, birds are taken into consideration as reptiles withinside the contemporary-day cladistic feel of the term, and their closest dwelling family is the crocodilians. Birds are descendants of the primitive avialans (whose contributors encompass Archaeopteryx) which were first regarded approximately a hundred and sixty million years ago, in China. According to DNA evidence, contemporary-day birds, developed withinside the Middle to Late Cretaceous, and assorted dramatically across the time of the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction occasion sixty-six mya, which killed off the pterosaurs and all non-avian dinosaurs.